An Atlas of ShakeMaps and population exposure catalog for earthquake loss modeling     

Trevor I. Allen  David J. Wald  Paul S. Earle  Kristin D. Marano  Alicia J. Hotovec  Kuowan Lin  Michael G. Hearne 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2009,7(3):701-718

We present an Atlas of ShakeMaps and a catalog of human population exposures to moderate-to-strong ground shaking (EXPO-CAT) for recent historical earthquakes (1973–2007). The common purpose of the Atlas and exposure catalog is to calibrate earthquake loss models to be used in the US Geological Survey’s Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER). The full ShakeMap Atlas currently comprises over 5,600 earthquakes from January 1973 through December 2007, with almost 500 of these maps constrained—to varying degrees—by instrumental ground motions, macroseismic intensity data, community internet intensity observations, and published earthquake rupture models. The catalog of human exposures is derived using current PAGER methodologies. Exposure to discrete levels of shaking intensity is obtained by correlating Atlas ShakeMaps with a global population database. Combining this population exposure dataset with historical earthquake loss data, such as PAGER-CAT, provides a useful resource for calibrating loss methodologies against a systematically-derived set of ShakeMap hazard outputs. We illustrate two example uses for EXPO-CAT; (1) simple objective ranking of country vulnerability to earthquakes, and; (2) the influence of time-of-day on earthquake mortality. In general, we observe that countries in similar geographic regions with similar construction practices tend to cluster spatially in terms of relative vulnerability. We also find little quantitative evidence to suggest that time-of-day is a significant factor in earthquake mortality. Moreover, earthquake mortality appears to be more systematically linked to the population exposed to severe ground shaking (Modified Mercalli Intensity VIII+). Finally, equipped with the full Atlas of ShakeMaps, we merge each of these maps and find the maximum estimated peak ground acceleration at any grid point in the world for the past 35 years. We subsequently compare this “composite ShakeMap” with existing global hazard models, calculating the spatial area of the existing hazard maps exceeded by the combined ShakeMap ground motions. In general, these analyses suggest that existing global, and regional, hazard maps tend to overestimate hazard. Both the Atlas of ShakeMaps and EXPO-CAT have many potential uses for examining earthquake risk and epidemiology. All of the datasets discussed herein are available for download on the PAGER Web page (). T. I. Allen and M. G. Hearne—contracted through Synergetics Incorporated.  相似文献   

桓仁夕卡岩型多金属矿床分带研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张承帅  王恩德  宋建潮  祁洪岩  李鹏飞 《地质与资源》2009,18(1):23-26

桓仁夕卡岩型多金属矿床受控于寒武纪灰岩与燕山期闪长杂岩体接触带之间的夕卡岩.矿物成分多样,结构构造复杂,围岩蚀变强烈,矿化分带明显.对桓仁矿床的空间分带特征进行了的探讨,并选取了不同深度的穿透岩体及矿体的典型穿脉作为研究对象.通过岩石类型的划分和金属元素的测试,并结合其他地质特征,分析讨论了矿体、岩体在水平及垂直方向上的分带规律.详细讨论了不同金属元素的空间赋存性,并在此基础上总结了该矿床的成矿规律,为今后在其的深部、边部找矿提供理论依据.  相似文献   

A study on feasibility of SI for identification of earthquake damages in Taiwan     

Yeong-Sheng Ueong 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2009

Using the actual damage data of the strong earthquakes in Taiwan, the effectiveness of the earthquake risk indices, namely, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral intensity (SI), is verified. PGA and Housner's [Housner GW. Spectrum intensity of strong-motion earthquakes. In: Proceedings of symposium on earthquakes and blast effects on structures. EERI, UCLA; 1952] definition of SI are directly compared. A three-parameter spectral intensity system with spectral intensities SI_a, SI_v, and SI_d in the acceleration, velocity, and displacement regions, respectively, is discussed. Here, the effectiveness of SI, SI_a, SI_v, and SI_d has been compared by using the available earthquake-damage data in Taiwan. Three period ranges, namely, 0.1–0.6, 0.6–1.6, and 1.6–3.0 s were used for structures of 1–6 stories, 7–20 stories, and 21 and more stories, respectively. The results indicate that the three-parameter system is a good risk index of the damage potential of earthquakes.  相似文献   

A case study of coping strategies and landslides in two villages of Central-Eastern Nepal     

Karen Sudmeier-Rieux  Stephanie Jaquet 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):680-690

Landslides are an increasing problem in Nepal’s Middle Hills due to both natural and human phenomena: mainly increasingly intense monsoon rains and a boom in rural road construction. This problem has largely been neglected due to underreporting of losses and the dispersed nature of landslides. Understanding how populations cope with landslides is a first step toward developing more effective landslide risk management programs. The present research focuses on two villages in Central-Eastern Nepal, both affected by active landslides but with different coping strategies. Research methods are interdisciplinary, based on a geological assessment of landslide risk and a socio-economic study of the villages using household questionnaires, focus group discussions and transect walks. Community risk maps are compared with geological landslide risk maps to better understand and communicate community risk perceptions, priorities and coping strategies. A modified typology of coping strategies is presented, based on previous work by Burton, Kates, and White (1993) that is useful for decision-makers for designing more effective programs for landslide mitigation. Main findings underscore that coping strategies, mainly seeking external assistance and outmigration, are closely linked to access to resources, ethnicity/social status and levels of community organization. Conclusions include the importance of investing in organizational skills, while building on local knowledge about landslide mitigation for reducing landslide risk. There is great potential to increase coping strategies by incorporating skills training on landslide mitigation in existing agricultural outreach and community forest user group training.  相似文献   

雷击风险评估中L_o损失因子在多线路系统下的细化和改进          下载免费PDF全文

植耀玲  冯民学  樊荣 《气象科学》2012,32(3):298-303

2008年推广施行的新国标GB/T 21714.2已广泛应用于各地雷击风险评估业务中。但在实际应用过程中人们也发现用其建立评估模型时,标准的一些简约化约定,使得其计算结果不够精准,特别是描述和处理也显得越来越困难,影响和制约了它的应用范围和前景。为此,本文针对带有多种电气和电子系统的复杂结构建筑,提出按其进线分布特点,对Lo损失因子取值方法进行改进(下文均称"Lo优化取值法"),为多线路进线建筑物的雷击风险管理提供更细化的依据和算法,并举例证实。结果表明:细化考虑不同线路的Lo对于建筑物雷击风险评估更为切近真实。  相似文献   

基于GIS的洛阳市高温灾害风险区划   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马进 《气象与环境科学》2012,35(4):62-68

利用洛阳市1961-2010年历史气候资料和地理信息数据,通过分析高温灾害致灾因子、孕灾环境因子、承灾体易损性因子和防灾减灾因子4个因子的指标,利用层次分析法确定各个因子指标的权重建立高温气象灾害风险评价体系。其中选取洛阳市9个观测站高温日数,并运用皮尔逊Ⅲ型概率密度模型分别从不同频率推测高温影响程度并分析高温危险性因子;利用洛阳市基础地理信息数据,选取海拔高度和河网密度作为评价孕灾环境因子指标;利用洛阳市土地利用分类分析不同土地类型承载体潜在易损性,同时考虑高温易受伤害人群的人口比例怍为承载体易损性因子指标;防灾减灾因子利用各乡镇财政一般收入水平和人均可支配收入作为量化指标。从区划图中可以看出：总体高温风险等级北部高于南部;东北部、中部风险等级最高,其中偃师中部、伊川西部和南部地区、嵩县北部地区风险等级最高;次高风险等级主要分布在新安、宜阳、伊川中东部、孟津东部和西部、嵩县中部等地区;栾川、嵩县南部、洛宁西部风险等级最低。  相似文献   

Framework for the derivation of analytical fragility curves and life cycle cost analysis for non-seismically designed buildings     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2015

The quantification of the devastating effects of earthquakes on buildings can be achieved with the use of earthquake risk assessment. The formulation of strategies to minimise this risk is a complex task which relies on data regarding mainly the hazard, vulnerability and remaining life of the building. In this paper, the case study of Limassol municipality is presented. Initially, the building inventory and categorisation is defined followed by the selection of hazard scenarios and the development of analytical vulnerability curves. In the final part, risk assessment is performed leading to the formulation of retrofitting strategies for long term use.  相似文献   

Geochemical Fractionation of Trace Elements in Stream Sediments Contaminated by Mining Activity          下载免费PDF全文

Paulo J. C. Favas  Santosh Kumar Sarkar  Dibyendu Rakshit 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(3):446-455

  相似文献   

Environmental management frameworks for offshore mining: the New Zealand approach     

《Marine Policy》2017

The New Zealand region contains untapped natural mineral, oil, and gas resources while also supporting globally unique and diverse faunal communities that need to be managed sustainably. In this paper key information from the international literature is reviewed that can underpin an Environmental Mining Management System which includes elements of Environmental Risk Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Planning. This paper focuses on four developing areas of seafloor mining activities presently being undertaken or planned in the New Zealand region: hydrocarbons (oil and gas), minerals, ironsands and phosphorite nodules. A number of issues with the implementation of environmental management systems are identified including the difficulty of assessing new marine activities or technologies and the need for standardised reporting metrics. Finally, the development of ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning is discussed which will be required to enhance environmental mining management frameworks in New Zealand.  相似文献   

Business case for mussel aquaculture in offshore wind farms in the North Sea     

《Marine Policy》2017

The European Blue Growth strategy aims to expand the new maritime sectors of aquaculture, energy, biotechnology, coastal tourism and mineral mining. Growth of these sectors will increases pressure on the seas, particularly on those areas that are densely used by traditional sectors such as fisheries and transport. This has triggered interest in developing multiuse of space and multiuse platforms at sea. This paper assesses the feasibility of offshore mussel production project in wind farms by design and ex-ante evaluation of a mussel aquaculture system in the North Sea. A system for mussel cultivation in the Dutch Borssele offshore wind farm was designed, producing both mussel seed and consumption-sized mussels with semi-submerged longlines. Based on the economic model and the risk assessment, this paper concludes that mussel aquaculture is an appealing commercial model for increased returns in offshore wind farms. The economic models shows that the internal rate of return and net present value are positive and based on the sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that these results are robust.  相似文献